New Caledonia's oldest pro-independence party denounces 'Bougival' deal

New Caledonia's oldest pro-independence party, the Union Calédonienne (UC), on Thursday officially rejected a political agreement signed in Paris last month.

The text, bearing the signatures of all of New Caledonia's political parties represented at the local Congress, a total of 18 leaders, both pro-France and pro-independence, is described as a "project" for an agreement that would shape New Caledonia's political future.

Since it was signed in the city of Bougival (West of Paris) on 12 July, after ten days of intense negotiations, it has been dubbed a "bet on trust" and has been described by French Minister for Overseas Manuel Valls as a commitment from all signing parties to report to their respective bases and explain its contents.

The Bougival document involves a series of measures and recognition by France of New Caledonia as a "State" which could become empowered with its own international relations and foreign affairs, provided they do not contradict France's key interests.

It also envisages a double citizenship - French and New Caledonian - provided future New Caledonian citizens are French nationals in the first place.

It also describes a future devotion of stronger powers for each of the three provinces (North, South and Loyalty Islands), especially in terms of tax collection.

Since it was published, the document, bearing a commitment to defend the text "as is", was hailed as "innovative" and "historic".

New Caledonia's leaders have started to hold regular meetings - sometimes daily - and sessions with their respective supporters and militants, mostly to explain the contents of what they have signed.

The meetings were held by most pro-France parties and within the pro-independence camp, the two main moderate parties, UPM (Union Progressiste en Mélanésie) and PALIKA (Kanak Liberation Party).

Over the past two weeks, all of these parties have strived to defend the agreement, which is sometimes described as a Memorandum of Agreement or a roadmap for future changes in New Caledonia.

Most of the leaders who have inked the text have also held lengthy interviews, in explanation mode, with local media.

Parties who have unreservedly pledged their support to and have signed the Bougival document are: on the pro-France side, Les Loyalistes, Rassemblement-LR, Wallisian-based Eveil océanien and Calédonie ensemble and on the pro-independence side, UNI-FLNKS (which comprises UPM and PALIKA).

But one of the main components of the pro-independence movement, the FLNKS (Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front) and its main pillar, the Union Calédonienne, have held a series of meetings at different levels, indicating their resentment of their negotiators signing the contested document.

UC held its executive committee on 21 July, its steering committee on 26 July, and FLNKS convened its political bureau on 23 July.

A 'lure of sovereignty'

All of these meetings concluded in an increasingly clear rejection of the Bougival document.

Speaking at a news conference on Thursday in Nouméa, UC leaders made it clear that they "formally reject" the agreement because, in their view, it is a "lure of sovereignty" and does not guarantee neither real sovereignty nor political balance.

FLNKS chief negotiator Emmanuel Tjibaou, who is also UC's chair, told local reporters he understood his signature on the document meant a commitment to return to New Caledonia, explain the text and obtain the approval of the political base.

"I didn't have a mandate to sign a political agreement, my mandate was to register the talks and bring them back to our people so that a decision can be made...it didn't mean an acceptance on our part", he said, mentioning a "temporary" document subject to further discussions.

Tjibaou said some amendments his delegation had put on the table in Bougival "went missing" in the final text.

'Bougival, it's over'

"As far as we're concerned, Bougival, it's over", UC vice-president Mickaël Forrest said.

He said the time was now to move onto a "post-Bougival phase".

Meanwhile, the FLNKS also consulted its own "constitutionalists" to obtain legal advice and interpretation on the document.

In a release associated with Thursday's media conference, UC states that the Bougival text cannot be regarded as a balance between two visions, but rather a way of "maintaining New Caledonia French".

The text, UC said, has led the political dialogue into a "new impasse" and it leaves several questions unanswered.

"With the denomination of a 'State', a fundamental law (a de facto Constitution), the capacity to self-organise, an international recognition, this document is perceived as a project for an agreement to integrate (New Caledonia) into France under the guise of a decolonisation".

"But the FLNKS has never accepted a status of autonomy within France, but an external decolonisation by means of accession to full sovereignty (which) grants us the right to choose our inter-dependencies", the release states.

The pro-independence party also criticises plans to enlarge the list of persons entitled to vote at New Caledonia's local elections, the very issue that triggered deadly and destructive riots in May 2024.

It is also critical of a proposed mechanism that would require a vote at the Congress with a minimum majority of 64 percent (two thirds) before any future powers can be requested for transfer from France to New Caledonia.

Assuming that current population trends and a fresh system of representation at the Congress will allow more representatives from the Southern province (about three quarters of New Caledonia's population), UC said "in other words, it would be the non-independence (camp) who will have the power to authorise us -or not- to ask for our sovereignty".

They party confirmed that it had "formally rejected the Bougival project of agreement as it stands" following a decision made by its steering committee on 26 July "Since the fundamentals of our struggle and the principles of decolonisation are not there".

Negotiators no longer mandated

The decision also means that every member of its negotiating team who signed the document on 12 July is now de facto demoted and no longer mandated by the party, until a new negotiating team is appointed, if required.

"Union Calédonienne remains mobilised to arrive at a political agreement that takes into account the achievement of a trajectory towards full sovereignty".

On Tuesday, FLNKS president Christian Téin, as an invited guest of Corsica's "Nazione" pro-independence movement, told French media he declared himself "individually against" the Bougival document, adding this was "far from being akin to full sovereignty".

Téin said that during the days that lead to the signing of the document in Bougival "the pressure" exerted on negotiators was "terrible".

He said the result was that due to "excessive force" applied by "France's representatives", the final text's content "looks like it is the French State and right-wing people who will decide the (indigenous) Kanak people's future".

Facing crime-related charges, Téin is awaiting his trial, but was released from jail, under the condition that he does not return to New Caledonia.

The leader of a CCAT (field action coordinating cell) created by Union Calédonienne late 2023 to protest against a proposed French Constitutional amendment to alter voters' rules of eligibility at local elections, was jailed for one year in mainland France, but was elected President of FLNKS in absentia late August 2024.

CCAT, meanwhile, was admitted as one of the new components of FLNKS.

In a de facto split, the two main moderate pillars of FLNKS, UPM and PALIKA, at the same time, distanced themselves from the pro-independence UC-dominated platform, materialising a rift within the pro-independence umbrella.

The FLNKS is scheduled to hold an extraordinary meeting on 9 August 2025 (it was initially scheduled to be held on 2 August), to "highlight the prospects of the pursuit of dialogue through a repositioning of the pro-independence movement's political orientations".

Valls: 'I'm not giving up'

Reacting to the latest UC statements, Valls told French media he called UC "on a great sense of responsibility".

"If tomorrow there was to be no agreement, it would mean the future, hope, would be put into question. Investment, including for the nickel mining industry, would no longer be possible."

"I'm not giving up. Union Calédonienne has chosen to reject, as it stands, the Bougival accord project. I take note of this, but I profoundly regret this position."

"An institutional void would be a disaster for [New Caledonia]. It would be a prolonged uncertainty, the risk of further instability, the return of violence," he said.

"But my door is not closed and I remain available for dialogue at all times. Impasse is not an option."

Valls said the Bougival document was "'neither someone's victory on another one, nor an imposed text: it was build day after day, with partners around the table, following months of long discussions."

In a recent letter specifically sent to Union Calédonienne, the French former Prime Minister suggested the creation of an editorial committee to start drafting future-shaping documents for New Caledonia, such as its "fundamental law", akin to a Constitution for New Caledonia.

Valls also stressed France's financial assistance to New Caledonia, which last year totalled around €3 billion because of the costs associated to the May 2024 riots.

The riots caused 14 dead, hundreds of injured and an estimated financial cost of more than €2 billion in material damage.